Alpini G., J. O. Phillips, B. Vroman, and N. F. LaRusso. 1994. Recent advances in the isolation of liver cells. Hepatology. 20:494-514.
Bartenschlager, R., and H. Schaller. 1988. The amino-terminal domain of the hepadnaviral P-gene encodes the terminal protein (genome-linked protein) believed to prime reverse transcription. EMBO J. 7:4185.
Bartenschlager, R., and H. Schaller. 1992. Hepadnaviral assembly is initiated by polymerase binding to the encapsidation signal in the viral RNA genome. EMBO J. 11:3413-20.
Beasley, R. P., L. Y. Hwang, C.C. Lin, and C. S. Chien. 1981. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22707 men in Taiwan. Lancet. 2:1129-33.
Beck, J., H. Bartos, and M. Nassal. 1997. Experimental conformation of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) ε-like bulge-and-loop structure in avian HBV RNA encapsidation signals. Virology. 227:500-4.
Beckel-Mitchener, A., and J. Summers. 1997. A region in the duck hepatitis B virus is required for efficient 3' end formation of viral transcripts. J. Virol. 79:7917-22.
Berk, L., S. W. Schalm, R. A. Heijtink. 1992. Zidovudine inhibits hepatitis B virus replication. Antiv Res. 19:111-8.
Braud, A. I., F. J. Carey, and M. Zalesky. 1955. Studies with radioactive endotoxin. II. Correlation of physiological effects with distribution of radioactivity in rabbits injected with lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin labelled with radioactive sodium chromate. J Clin Invest. 34:858-66.
Breiner, K. M., S. Urban, and H. Schaller. 1998. Carboxypeptidase D (gp180), a Golgi-resident protein, functions in the attachment and entry of avian hepatitis B viruses. J Virol. 72:8098-104.
Carey, F. J., A. L. Braud, and M. Zalesky. 1958. Studies with radioactive endotoxin. III. The effect of tolerance on the distribution of radioactivity after intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin labelled with 51Cr. J Clin Invest. 37:441-57.
Cattaneo, R., H. Will, and H. Schaller. 1984. Hepatitis B virus transcription in the infected liver. EMBO J. 3:2191-6.
Chang, C., R. C. Hirsch, and D. Ganem. 1995. Sequences in the preC region of duck hepatitis B virus affect pregenomic RNA accumulation. Virology. 207:549-54.
Chen, M., and J. H. Ou. 1995. Cell type-dependent regulation of the activity of the negative regulatory element of the hepatitis B virus core promoter.Virology. 214:198-206.
Cherrington, J., R. Russnak, and D. Ganem. 1992. Upstream sequences and cap proximity in the regulation of polyadenylation in ground squirrel hepatitis virus. J. Virol. 66:7589-96.
Chiang, P.-W. 1992. Characterizing cis elements which are essential for the HBV replication. Promotionsarbeit, Universität Heidelberg.
Chisari, F. V. 1992. Hepatitis B virus biology and pathogenesis. Molecular Genetic Medicine. Edited by Friedmann T. San Diego, Academic Press. 67-104.
Chisari, F. V., C. Ferrari, and M. U. Mondelli. 1989. Hepatitis B virus structure and biology. Microb Pathol. 6:311-25.
Doong, S. L., C . H. Tsai, R. F. Schinazi, D. C. Liotta, and Y. C. Cheng. 1991. Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine and related analogues. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 88:8495-9.
Engelhardt, J. F., X. Ye, B. Doranz, and J. M. Wilson. 1994. Ablation of E2A in recombinant adenoviruses improves transgene persistence and decreases inflammatory response in mouse liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 91:6196-6200.
Freudenberg, M. A., N. Freudenberg, and C. Galanos. 1982. Time course of cellular distribution of endotoxin in liver, lungs and kidneys of rats. Br J Exp Pathol. 63:56-65.
Fukai, K., S. Takada, O. Yokosuka, H. Saisho, M. Omata, and K. Koike. 1997. Characterization of a specific region in the hepatitis B virus enhancer I for the efficient expression of X gene in the hepatic cell. Virology. 236:279-87.
Galanos, C., O. Lüderitz, E. T. Rietschel, O. Westphal, H. Brade, L. Brade, M. A. Freudenberg, U. F. Schade, M. Imoto, H. Yoshimura, S. Kusumoto, and T. Shiba. 1985. Synthetic and Escherichia coli free lipid A express identical endotoxin activities. Eur J Biochem. 148:1-5.
Ganem, D. 1996. Hepadnaviridae and their replication. In Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (eds.). Field's Virology. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia. 2703-37.
Gerlach, K. K., and R. H. Schloemer. 1992. Hepatitis B virus C gene promoter is under negative regulation. Virology. 189:59-66.
Guidotti, L. G., K. Ando, M. V. Hobbs, T. Ishikawa, R. D. Runkel, R. D. Schreiber, and F. V. Chisari. 1994b. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes inhibit hepatitis B virus gene expression by a noncytolytic mechanism in trangenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 91:3764-68.
Guidotti, L. G., T. Ishikawa, M. V. Hobbs, B. Matzke, R. Schreiber, and F. V. Chisari. 1996b. Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity. 4:25-36.
Guo, W. T., K. D. Bell, and J. H. Ou.1991. Characterization of the hepatitis B virus EnhI enhancer and X promoter complex. J Virol. 65:6686. -92.
Guo, W., M. Chen, T. S. Yen, and J. H. Ou. 1993. Hepatocyte-specific expression of the hepatitis B virus core promoter depends on both positive and negative regulation. Mol Cell Biol. 13:443-8.
Gustin, K., M. Shapiro, W. Lee, R. D. Burk. 1993. Characterization of the role of individual protein binding motifs within the hepatitis B virus enhancer I on X promoter activity using linker scanning mutagenesis. Virology. 193:653-60.
Heise, T., L. G. Guidotti, and F. V. Chisari. 1999b. La Autoantigen Specifically Recognizes a Predicted Stem-Loop in Hepatitis B Virus RNA. J Virol. 73:5767-76.
Heise, T., L. G. Guidotti, V. J. Cavanaugh, and F. V. Chisari. 1999a. Hepatitis B Virus RNA-Binding Proteins Associated with Cytokine-Induced Clearance of Viral RNA from the Liver of Transgenic Mice. J Virol. 73:474-81.
Hentges, D. J. 1983. Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. New York: Academic press.
Hollinger, F. B. 1996. Hepatitis B Virus. In Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (eds.). Field's Virology. Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Philadelphia, 2739-2809.
Honigwachs, J., O. Faktor, R. Dikstein, Y. Shaul, and O. Laub. 1989. Liver-specific expression of hepatitis B virus is determined by the combined action of the core gene promoter and enhancer. J Virol. 63:919-24.
Horwich, A. L., K. Furtak, J. Pugh, and J. Summers. 1990. Synthesis of hepadnaviral particles that contain replication-defective duck hepatitis B virus genomes in cultured HuH7 cells. J. Virol. 64 (2):642-50.
Huang, J., and T. J. Liang. 1993. A novel hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic element with Rev response element-like properties that is essential for expression of HBV gene products. Mol Cell Biol. 13:7476-86.
Huang, M., and J. Summers. 1994. pet, a small sequence distal to the pregenome cap site, is required for expression of the duck hepatitis B virus pregenome. J Virol. 68:1564-72.
Huang, Z. M., and T. S. Yen. 1995. Role of the hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulatory element in export of intronless transcripts. Mol Cell Biol. 15:3864-69.
Huovila, A. P., A. M. Eder, and S. D. Fuller. 1992. Hepatitis B surface antigen assembles in a post-ER, pre-Golgi compartment. J Cell Biol. 118:1305-20.
Junker-Niepman, M., R. Bartenschlager, and H. Schaller. 1990. A short cis-acting sequence is required for hepatitis B virus pregenome encapsidation and sufficient for packaging of foreign RNA. EMBO J. 9:3389-96.
Keller, F., M. T. Wild, and A. Kirn. 1985. In vitro antiviral properties of endotoxin-activated rat Kupffer cells. Journal of Leucocyte Biology. 38:293-303.
Klein B., M. A. Freudenberg, and C. Galanos. 1985. Excretion of radioactivity in faeces and urine of rats injected with 3H, 14C-lipopolysaccharide. Br J Exp Pathol. 63:303-8.
Klingmüller, U., and H. Schaller. 1993. Hepadnavirus infection requires interaction between the viral pre-S domain and a specific hepatocellular receptor. J Virol. 67:7414-22.
Knaus, T., and M. Nassal. 1993. The encapsidation signal on the hepatitis B virus RNA pregenome forms a stem-loop structure that is critical for its function. Nucleic Acid Res. 21:3967-75.
Köck, J., and H. J. Schlicht. 1993. Analysis of the earliest steps of hepadnavirus replication: genome repair after infectious entry into hepatocytes does not depend on viral polymerase activity. J Virol. 67:4867-74.
Kosovsky M. J., I. Quadri, and A. Siddiqui. 1998. The regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression: An overview of the Cis- and Trans-Acting Components. In R. Koshy, and W. H. Caselmann (eds.), Hepatitis B Virus: Molecular Mechanisms in Disease and Novel Strategies for Therapy. Imperial College Press, London. 21-50.
Kuroki, K., F. Eng, T. Ishikawa, C. Turck, F. Harada, and D. Ganem. 1995. gp180, a host cell glycoprotein that binds duck hepatitis B virus particles, is encoded by a member of the carboxypeptidase gene family. J Biol Chem. 270:15022-8.
Lanford, R. E., D. Chavez, K. M. Brasky, R. B. Burns 3rd, and R. Rico-Hesse. 1998. Isolation of a hepadnavirus from the woolly monkey, a New World primate. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 95:5757-61.
Leonhardt, H. 1991. Taschenatlas der Anatomie. Innere Organe. 6. Auflage. Band 2. Thieme, Stuttgart. 234-9.
Lien, J. M., D. Petcu, C. Aldrich, and W. S. Mason. 1986. Evidence that capped oligoribonucleotide is the primer for duck hepatitis B virus DNA synthesis during virus maturation. J. Virol. 57:229.
Lo, W.-Y., and L.-P. J. Ting. 1994. Repression of enhancer II activity by a negative regulatory element in the hepatitis B virus genome. J Virol. 68:1758-64.
Lopez-Cabrera, M., J. Letovsky, K. Q. Hu, and A. Siddiqui. 1991. Transcriptional factor C/EBP binds to and transactivates the enhancer element II of the hepatitis B virus. Virology. 183:825-9
Lu, C. C., M. Chen, J. H. Ou, and T. S Yen. 1995. Key role of a CCAAT element in regulating hepatitis B virus surface protein expression. Virology. 206:1155-58.
Marion, P. L., L. Oshiro, D. C. Regnery, G. H. Scullard, and W. S. Robinson. 1980. A virus in Beechy ground squirrels that is related to hepatitis B virus. PNAS. 77:2941.
Mason, W. S., G. Seal, and J. Summers. 1980. Virus of Peking ducks with structural and biological relatedness to human hepatitis B virus. J Virol. 36:829-36.
Mathison, J. C., and R. J. Ulevitch. 1979. The clearance, tissue distribution, and cellular localization of intravenously injected lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. J Immunol. 123:2133-43.
McClary, H., R. Koch, F. V. Chisari, and L. G. Guidotti. 2000. Relative Sensitivity of Hepatitis B Virus and Other Hepatotropic Viruses to the Antiviral Effects of Cytokines. J Virol. 74:2255-64.
Miller, D. G., M. A. Adam, and A. D. Miller. 1990. Gene transfer by retrovirus vectors occurs only in cells that are actively replicating at the time of infection. Mol Cell Biol. 10:4239-4242.
Mimura, Y., S. Sakisaka, M. Harada, M. Sata, and K. Tanikawa. 1995. Role of Hepatocytes in Direct Clearance of Lipopolysaccharides in Rats. Gastroenterology. 109:1969-76.
Musson, R. A., D. C. Morrison, and R. J. Ulevitch. 1978. Distribution of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in the tissues of lipopolysaccharide-responsive and unresponsive mice. Infect Immun. 21:448-57.
Nassal, M., and H. Schaller. 1993. Hepatitis B virus replication. Trends in Mikrobiology. 1:221-8.
Neurath, A. R., S. B. Kent, N. Strick, and K. Parker. 1986. Identification and chemical synthesis of a host cell receptor binding site on hepatitis B virus. Cell. 46:429-36.
Obert, S., B. Zachmann-Brand, E. Deindl, W. Tucker, R. Bartenschlager, and H. Schaller. 1996. A spliced hepadnavirus RNA that is essential for virus replication. 15:2565-74.
Onderdonk, A. B. 1998. Intestinal microflora: control and overgrowth. In Blum, E. H., Ch. Bode, J. Ch. Bode, R. B. Sartor (eds.). Gut and the liver. Falk Symposium 100. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht. 3-10.
Pasek, M., T. Goto, W. Gilbert, B. Zink, H. Schaller, P. McKay, G. Leadbetter, and K. Murray. 1979. Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli. Nature. 282:575-79.
Patzer, E. J., G. R. Nakamura, C. C. Simonsen, A. D. Levinson, and R. Brands. 1986. Intracellular assembly and packaging of hepatitis B surface antigen particles occur in the endoplasmatic reticulum. J Virol. 58:884-92.
Perrillo, R. P., E. R. Schiff, G. L. Davis, H. C. Bodenheimer Jr, K. Lindsay, J. Payne, J. L. Dienstag, C. O'Brien, C. Tamburro, I. M. Jacobson, et al. 1990. A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (see comments) N Engl J Med. 323:295-301.
Pertitle, T. L., K. Karaca, J. M. Sharma, and M. M. Walser. 1996. An antiviral effect of nitric oxide: inhibition of reovirus replication. Avian Dis. 40:342-8.
Pollack, J. R., and D. Ganem. 1993. An RNA stem-loop structure directs hepatitis B virus genomic RNA encapsidation. J Virol. 67:3254-63.
Protzer U., M. Nassal, P. W. Chiang, M. Kirschfink, and H. Schaller. 1999. Interferon gene transfer by a hepatitis B virus vector efficiently suppresses wild-type virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 96(19):10818-23
Raper, S. E., Z. J. Haskal, X. Ye, C. Pugh, E. E. Furth, G. P. Gao, and J. M. Wilson. 1998. Selective gene transfer into the liver of non-human primates with E1-deleted, E2A-defective, or E1-E4 deleted recombinant adenoviruses. Hum Gene Ther. 9:671-679.
Schaefer, S., T. Tolle, S. Lottmann, and W. H. Gerlich. 1998. Animal models and experimental systems in hepatitis B virus research. In R. Koshy, and W. H. Caselmann (eds.), Hepatitis B Virus: Molecular mechanisms in disease and novel strategies for therapy. Imperial College Press. 51-75.
Schaller H., and M. Fischer. 1991. Transcriptional control of hepadnavirus gene expression. In Mason W. S., and C. Seeger (eds.). Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Hepadnaviruses, molecular biology and pathogenesis. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 168:21-40.
Schlegel, H. G. 1992. Allgemeine Mikrobiologie. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York.
Schletter, J., H. Heine, A. J. Ulmer , and E. T. Rietschel. 1995. Molecular mechanisms of endotoxin activity. Arch Microbiol. 164:383-9.
Schlicht, H. J., G. Radziwill, and H. Schaller. 1989. Synthesis and encapsidation of duck hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase do not require formation of core-polymerase fusion proteins. Cell. 56:85-92.
Schultz, U., and F. V. Chisari. 1999a. Recombinant Duck Interferon Gamma Inhibits Duck Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Primary Hepatocytes. J Virol. 73:3162-68.
Schultz, U., J. Summers, P. Staeheli, and F. V. Chisari. 1999b. Elimination of Duck Hepatitis B Virus RNA-Containing Capsids in Duck Interferon-Alpha-Treated Hepatocytes. J Virol. 73:5459-65.
Seeger, C., J. Summers, and W. S. Mason. 1991. Viral DNA synthesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 168:41-60.
Smith, T. A., E. Davis, and S. Carpenter. 1998. Endotoxin treatment of equine infectious anaemia virus-infected horse macrophage cultures decreases production of infectious virus. Journal of General Virology. 79:747-55.
Sprengel, R., E. F. Kaleta, and H. Will. 1988. Isolation and characterisation of a hepatitis B virus endemic in herons. J Virol. 62:3832-9.
Su, H., and J.-K. Yee. 1992. Regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression by its two enhancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 89:2708-12.
Summers, J., J. M. Smolec, and R. Snyder. 1978. A virus similar to hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis and hepatoma in woodchucks. PNAS. 75:4533-40.
Tsui, L. V., L. G. Guidotti, T. Ishikawa, and F. V. Chisari. Post-transcriptional clearance of hepatitis B virus RNA by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-activated hepatocytes. 1995. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 92:12398-402.
Ueda, K., T. Tsurimoto, T. Nagahata, O. Chisaka, and K. Matsubara. 1989. An in vitro system for screening anti-hepatitis B virus drugs. Virology. 169:213-6.
Urban, S., K. M. Breiner, F. Fehler, U. Klingmüller, and H. Schaller. 1998. Avian hepatitis B virus infection is initiated by the interaction of a distinct pre-S subdomain with the cellular receptor gp180. J Virol. 72:8089-97.
Vogel, S. N., M. M. Hogan. 1990. Role of cytokines in endotoxin-mediated host responses. In: Oppenheimer, J. J., E. M. Shevach (eds.). Immunophysiology: the role of cells and cytokines in immunity and inflammation. Oxford University Pess. Oxford. 238-252.
Wendel, A., M. Leist, F. Gantner, and G. Künstle. 1998. Experimental liver injury: the role of lipopolysaccharides and cytokines. In Blum, E. H., Ch. Bode, J. Ch. Bode, R. B. Sartor (eds.). Gut and the liver. Falk Symposium 100. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht. 203-221.
Wieland, S. F., L. G. Guidotti, and F. V. Chisari. 2000. Intrahepatic Induction of Alpha/Beta Interferon Eliminates Viral RNA-Containing Capsids in Hepatitis B Virus Transgenic Mice. J Virol. 74:4165-73.
Yen, T. S. B. 1998. Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Hepadnaviruses. Seminars in Virology. 8:319-26.
Yuh, C.-H., and L.-P. Ting. 1993. Differentiated liver cell specificity of the second enhancer of hepatitis B virus. J Virol. 67:142-9.
Zhang, P., A. K. Raney, A. McLachlan. 1992. Characterization of the hepatitis B virus X- and nucleocapsid gene transcriptional regulatory elements. Virology. 191:31-41.
Zhang, P., and A. McLachlan. 1994. Differentiation-specific transcriptional regulation of the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid gene in human hepatoma cell lines. Virology. 202:430-40.
Zlydaszyk, J. C., and R. J. Moon. 1976. Fate of 51Cr-labeled lipopolysaccharide in tissue culture cells and livers of normal mice. Infect Immun. 14:100-5.